Difference Between an Immigrant Visa and Nonimmigrant Visa

Distinction Between an Immigrant Visa and Nonimmigrant Visa What Is the distinction between a foreigner visa and a nonimmigrant visa? Your decision of visa is dictated by the motivation behind your movement to the United States. On the off chance that your stay will be impermanent, at that point youll need to make an application for a nonimmigrant visa. This sort of visa permits you to make a trip to a U.S. port-of-section to demand induction from a Department of Homeland Security official. On the off chance that you are a resident of a nation that is a piece of the Visa Waiver Program, you may go to the U.S. without a visa on the off chance that you meet certain necessities. There are in excess of 20 visas accessible under the nonimmigrant order, to cover the assortment of reasons why somebody may visit for a brief timeframe. These reasons incorporate the travel industry, business, clinical treatment and particular kinds of transitory work. Foreigner visas are allowed to the individuals who mean to live and work for all time in the U.S. There are 4 significant classifications inside this visa order, including close family members, unique outsiders, family-supported and business supported.

The effects of Globalisation in the economy

The impacts of Globalization in the economy As indicated by Globalization (investorwords, 2011) declares is the way toward expanding availability and relationship of world markets and organizations. This procedure has quickened drastically in the course of recent decades, mechanical advances make it simpler for individuals to travel, convey and work together globally. Two of the principle drivers of late advancements in broadcast communications framework and the Internet blast. All in all, economies become all the more firmly connected to different economies, more noteworthy chances, yet additionally more rivalry. Along these lines, globalization turns into a component progressively regular in the worldwide economy, an incredible professional globalization and hostile to globalization entryway rose. The genius globalization contends that globalization offers numerous chances to increment nearly everybody, and expanded rivalry is acceptable on the grounds that it makes laborers increasingly effective creation. The two associati ons expert globalization increasingly significant are the World Trade Organization and the World Economic Forum. The World Trade Organization is a legislature wide substance made to build up a lot of rules overseeing worldwide exchange and capital moves through the procedure of agreement among individuals, and to direct its individuals to guarantee that gauges are met. The World Economic Forum, a private establishment, has no intensity of choice, yet has extraordinary significance as it has been powerful as a systems administration discussion for arriving at countless organizations around the world, the legislature and Nonprofit pioneers gain. The counter globalization bunch contends that a few gatherings of individuals who are denied regarding assets that are not presently ready to work to build the serious weight that occurred to empower their economies are progressively associated with the world . Significant enemy of globalization associations incorporate natural gatherings like Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, the worldwide helpful associations like Oxfam, Third World government offices, for example, the business associations of the G-77, and associations, whose intensity is undermined by globalization, for example, materials in the United States and European homestead campaign developments and work in Australia and the United States Trade Effect of Globalization Under globalization and Starbucks (content accomplice Yahoo, 2008) express that globalization has indicated a critical effect on the talk of the association. Utilizing this as a reason for inquire about, the effect of globalization on the association Starbucks is looked into, with proposals for arrangement changes. The suggestions depend on a general way of thinking of improving the vital advancement of the association. Globalization and Starbucks Globalization has affected practically all associations at present in activity. In any event, when associations choose to constrain their exercises and tasks to a particular geographic district, globalization turns into a piece of the activities of new advances and universal consideration on the companys clients. Eventually, hardly any associations can get away from the effect of globalization. Given the significance of globalization in the association, there is an unmistakable driving force to look at how this will affect on business activities in both the short and long haul. Utilizing this as reason for look into, this examination analyzes the effect that globalization can have on the association of Starbucks. Through a cautious assessment of how globalization has affected this association, they can make suggestions for noteworthy arrangement change that will improve the activities of the association. Starbucks-A review To start this examination, it is valuable to initially think about a survey of the Starbucks association and basic issues at present influencing their turn of events. Checking on the historical backdrop of this association, Lyon (2005) reports that Starbucks began in Seattle, Washington as a retailer of gourmet espresso. With an end goal to propel the accomplishment of the association, pioneers have picked a forceful plan of action that permit them to enter and soak nearby markets. The plan of action utilized by the association was new, key examiners to connect the associations accomplishment to its forceful development methodology. As confirmed by Kaplan and Wozniak (1999) appears to need a Starbucks at each corner. Other than the new plan of action created by the association, Lustgarten (2004) reports that the association has additionally built up an extraordinary corporate culture. As indicated by investigate Starbucks was the first U.S. organization to give thorough medical advantages and investment opportunities to every representative, including over 65% were low maintenance right now. Starbucks has the most minimal wear of all retailers national. Notwithstanding giving workers an extraordinary advantage, Starbucks likewise offers its representatives thorough preparing that empowers the association to advance their items through its representatives. The issues that the association has experienced in global advancement are by all account not the only issues confronting the association. It was accounted for that Starbucks is confronting the ethical debauchery and disintegration of workers among its senior supervisors and its military of baristas cheerful once. Lately, the association has needed to oversee costs by diminishing wages and advantages for representatives. This incorporated a refusal to pay extra time obligatory. As an immediate outcome, numerous representatives see their activity like some other cheap food feel. In spite of these critical issues, Starbucks keeps up a solid money related position. The association has figured out how to kill the majority of its outside obligation. Likewise, the association has developed a solid brand picture that doesn't spend a lot of cash on promoting and publicizing. Rather, the association depends on informal exchange about the nature of their items to serve the principle type of showcasing. This measure will spare the association a total of cash. Effect of Technology and Policy Change The improvement of Starbucks as a universal association as one that speaks to the negative real factors of globalization, is unmistakably connected to the developing interconnectedness of the world. Starbucks started as an organization in the United States, centering initial 8 years of development in the soaked local market. The expansion of Starbucks in the United States was trailed by guests from different nations and through the media association on the Internet. The plan of action was made by Starbucks, while an extraordinary accomplishment in the United States has gotten a model of animosity and globalization that are dreaded in remote nations. This, joined with the data that the organization exploited espresso makers in creating nations has by and large, makes a negative picture for the association of Starbucks. At the point when set in this viewpoint it becomes clear that the instrument is associated with the worldwide network in general is the particular instrument that negatively affects global improvement association of Starbucks. While the Internet furnishes Starbucks with the capacity to arrive at clients around the globe, yet additionally gives condemning of the basic data important to lead the dissent against the association. In this soul, plainly the association must consider how they can best utilize the Internet to further your potential benefit to advance a positive picture of the brand to permit expanded entrance of the association on the universal market. Proposed Change Policy Since the Internet is a significant wellspring of data on the association of Starbucks, the organization must take an interest in a broad promoting effort on the Internet. Despite the fact that this will expand promoting costs for the association, the organization could center its showcasing endeavors toward the development of an increasingly global picture of the association. Today, Starbucks has made an all American who was loathed by numerous outside clients. Build up a brand picture as a worldwide association should lessen negative recognitions and improve hierarchical ability to enter outside business sectors. Universality in marking is fundamental for tasks Starbucks global. Notwithstanding propelling a publicizing effort on the web, the office should likewise utilize the Internet to distinguish the major remote organizations with which they could co-brand Starbucks. Web search will permit Starbucks to successfully distinguish associations that are sufficiently huge to utilize a model of online business. Growing new promoting efforts that permit co-marking of its items, Starbucks could expand familiarity with its brands in business sectors that were not presented to the association. As the infiltration of little increments in outside business sectors, it can likewise help build up the brand picture of the association as a universal as opposed to American, culture. All things considered, the two strategy changes suggested supporting one another The worldwide creation systems As indicated by Global Production Network (University of Manchester, 2011) states that to what degree the EU, East Asia and Eastern Europe is connected progressively interconnected monetary relations, showed fundamentally through complex creation arranges in East Asia and EU organizations. The work will concentrate on the connections of creation and dispersion that EU organizations have been made in Asia and Eastern Europe and East Asia Enterprise were set up in the EU and Eastern Europe. A specific worry for the ramifications of these systems for national and neighborhood advancement. Systems are concentrated through contextual analyses in three parts: hardware, car and retail. Every one of these segments is significant both in Europe and East Asia, yet in various ways. The working supposition that will be that creation arranges inside every segment are altogether different relying upon the points of interest of the organization and how better places are incorporated into systems . Worldwide creation organize (GPN). Creation arranges in the association of interlinked capacities and activities through which products and ventures are delivered and d

Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories

Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories Basics Print Why People Believe in Conspiracy Theories By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 24, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 17, 2019 Verywell / Andrea Hickey More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Explanations Effects Risks Reducing Conspiracy Beliefs View All Back To Top There has been a growing interest in recent years in why people believe in conspiracy theories. Recent controversial examples of such theories include the belief that terrorist attacks and mass shootings were staged events orchestrated by the U.S. government. Other examples include the belief that the pharmaceutical industry intentionally spreads diseases or that vaccines cause illness rather than prevent them. While it might seem like these beliefs are rare or even pathological, research has shown that they are surprisingly common. Polls suggest that over one-third of U.S. adults believe that global warming is a hoax. Another study found that half of all Americans believe in at least one conspiracy theory. What Is a Conspiracy Theory? A conspiracy theory can be defined as the belief that there are groups that meet in secret to plan and carry out malevolent goals. What explains this common and often deep-rooted belief that powerful, sinister, and secretive groups are conspiring to deceive others â€" particularly in a day and age where we have more access to information and facts that might debunk many of these ideas? Researchers suspect that there are a number of psychological mechanisms that contribute to these beliefs, many of which may be the result of evolutionary processes. In a world where you might feel powerless and alienated, it can be appealing to believe that there are forces plotting against your interests. Once these beliefs take root, cognitive biases and mental shortcuts reinforce and strengthen them. Many of the same factors that fuel other types of problematic thinking, such as a belief in the paranormal, also contribute to conspiracy theories. And while such paranoid ideas are not new, the internet has helped transform the way and the speed in which they are spread. In order to understand why people believe in these conspiracies, it is important to explore some of the psychological explanations and the potential effects these beliefs have. 10 Cognitive Biases That Distort Your Thinking Explanations Researchers suggest that there are a number of different reasons why people believe in conspiracy theories. Many of these explanations boil down to three key driving factors: A need for understanding and consistency (epistemic)A need for control (existential)A need to belong or feel special (social) Epistemic Reasons Epistemic explanations refer to the desire to derive certainty and understanding. The world can be a confusing place filled with events that may seem dangerous and chaotic. People are driven to explain the things that happen in the world around them. Doing so helps them build up a consistent, stable, and clear understanding of how the world works. Factors That Increase Conspiracy Belief: In situations involving large-scale events, where more mundane or small-scale explanations seem inadequateIn situations where people experience distress over uncertainty When people encounter disparate information, it is only natural to look for explanations that connect the dots. Conspiracy theories offer explanations that provide this connection. They also suggest that the underlying causes are hidden from public view. When confusing things happen, believers can then assume that it is because they are being intentionally deceived by outside forces. There is also a connection between conspiracy beliefs and educational levels. Lower educational status tends to be associated with higher levels of conspiracy belief. Having lower analytical abilities and less tolerance for uncertainty also play a role. As a result, people turn to conspiracy theories to provide explanations for events that seem confusing or frightening. The confirmation bias can also play a role in the development of conspiracy belief. People are naturally inclined to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs. So when they run across a theory that supports something that they already think is true, they are more likely to believe the information is also true. How Your Brain Plays Tricks on You Existential Reasons There is also evidence that people turn to conspiracy theories as a way of feeling safer and more in control. When people feel threatened in some way, detecting sources of danger can be a way of coping with anxiety. What The Research Suggests: One study found that people who feel psychologically and sociopolitically disempowered are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories.Another study found that people are also more likely to believe in conspiracies when they are experiencing anxiety. While researchers understand these existential motivations, there is little evidence that believing in these theories actually helps people satisfy their need to feel control and autonomy. In fact, by believing in these theories, people may actually be less likely to engage in actions that would potentially boost their sense of control (such as voting or participating in political activity). So while people may be drawn to conspiracy theories as a way of making sense of the world and feeling more in control of their own destiny, the long-term effects may actually leave people feeling more disempowered than ever before. Social Reasons People can also be motivated to believe in conspiracy due to social reasons. Some researchers have hypothesized that by believing in conspiracies that cast out-groups as the opposition, people are able to feel better about themselves and their own social group. Those who believe in the conspiracy feel that they are the “heroes” of the story, while those who are conspiring against them are “the enemy.” People Believe In Conspiracies When: They are on the “losing” side of a political issueThey have a lower social status due to income or ethnicityThey have experienced social ostracismThey are prejudiced against “enemy” groups they perceive as powerful Such findings suggest that conspiracy belief might arise as a sort of defense mechanism. When people feel disadvantaged, they are motivated to find ways to boost their own self-perceptions. Blaming others by linking them to malevolent plots provides a scapegoat on which to lay blame, thus improving how conspiracy believers view themselves. The belief in conspiracies is also rooted in what is referred to as collective narcissism. This is the belief that your own social group is better, yet less appreciated, by other people. People who feel that they or their social group have been victimized are also less likely to believe in government institutions and more likely to believe in conspiracies. The way in which people encounter and share these ideas should also be noted. It’s easy to dismiss a story shared by a random source that you don’t trust. But when multiple people in your social circle who you do know and trust all seem to believe the same story, it starts to seem less like a silly conspiracy and more like a trusted fact. Sharing these kinds of stories within our networks gives social credence to such conspiratorial thinking. How Your Decisions Are Biased by the First Thing You Hear Effects While researchers have some good theories about why people believe in conspiracies, it is less clear what the ultimate effects of these beliefs are. What researchers have found is that while these beliefs are motivated by a desire to understand, exert control, and feel socially connected, these aren’t the effects people are deriving from their beliefs. Rather than fulfilling these needs, believing in conspiracies seems to reinforce feelings of confusion, isolation, disenfranchisement, and loneliness. It is a destructive cycle - negative feelings contribute to the belief in conspiracies, yet the belief in conspiracies results in negative feelings. Believing in conspiracy theories erodes people’s trust in their government, their leaders, and their institutions. It also diminishes trust in science and research itself. This distrust may discourage people from participating in their social worlds. It might also cause people to stop seeing themselves as valuable contributors to society. Rather than helping people cope with their feelings of social alienation and political disenfranchisement, conspiracy beliefs seem to create a cycle of distrust that leads to even greater disempowerment. Risks Believing in things that are not true poses a number of dangers, which can have real effects that impact individual behavior and ultimately have a ripple impact on society as a whole. A resurgence in Measles outbreaks in the U.S. has been largely attributed to a refusal by some individuals to vaccinate â€" a refusal that stems largely from the conspiratorial belief that vaccines cause autism and other health ailments. Failing to address dangerous misbeliefs presents a potential danger to public health and even the political process itself. Faulty beliefs lead can lead people to not vaccinate, not vote, or, in some rare cases, even engage in dangerous or violent behavior. 4 Sneaky Mental Biases That Can Affect Your Health Choices Overcoming Conspiracy Theory Beliefs In the age of disinformation, finding ways to refute conspiracy beliefs seems more important than ever. Social platforms claim to be buckling down on those who peddle and profit off of conspiracies, but is it really possible to change such views once they’ve taken root? One problem faced when trying to disprove conspiracy theories is that people who hold these beliefs also tend to suspect that there are factions engaged in covering up these activities. Those trying to debunk the mistaken beliefs are then viewed as simply being actors in the conspiracy itself. While it might be tempting to simply mock conspiracy theories, especially the more ridiculous ones, this usually causes believers to dig in their heels and deepen their commitment to their belief. Many factors that contribute to conspiratorial beliefs, such as educational background and personality, are not easily or quickly changed. Researchers have found one tactic, however, that is effective â€" encouraging believers to pursue their goals. People tend to take one of two approaches in the pursuit of goals. Those who are promotion-focused believe that they have the power and control to shape their future.People who are prevention-focused, on the other hand, are more focused on protecting what they already have rather than on achieving their goals. Feeling In Control Reduces Conspiratorial Thinking So what does this have to do with conspiracy beliefs? Researchers found that promotion-focused people were more skeptical and less likely to buy into conspiracies. Why? People who believe that the future hinges on their own actions have a great deal of personal agency and control. It is this sense of autonomy and agency that makes people less likely to believe in secret plots and nefarious plans. What the researchers also discovered was that giving people a nudge in the direction of a more promotion-focused mindset could actually reduce belief in conspiracies. In practical terms, promoting messages that help people feel more in control can minimize conspiratorial thinking. Write It Down Researchers had study participants write down their aspirations, which helped them focus on their goals and what they could do to achieve them. This simple activity encourages people to take a more promotion-focused mindset and reduces conspiracy belief. While researchers have been able to reduce conspiratorial thinking in the lab, how applicable is this in the real world? In workplace settings, managers might employ this strategy to help minimize water-cooler worries, office gossip, and interpersonal friction. Regular discussions that center on employee goals and strategies to achieve those goals can help keep workers feeling more in control and less subject to corporate whims. In terms of public health, organizations might start by promoting messages focused on realistic things people can do to take control of their own health. Building this sort of action-oriented mindset may help discourage belief in health-related conspiracies and build greater trust between medical organizations and health consumers. A Word From Verywell Conspiratorial thinking can be problematic and dangerous (Pizzagate, anyone?), but this does not mean that skepticism of institutions, marketing, and media messaging is not warranted. After all, not all conspiracies are false (the Tuskegee experiments and Iran-Contra are just a couple of examples). As you encounter information from various sources, it is important to be able to distinguish between false conspiracy theories and real threats to personal security. While it may be tempting to ridicule conspiracy believers, remember that these sort of beliefs are actually pretty common â€" you probably even believe in some of them. In a world where people feel the very real effects of power imbalances and distrust in leadership, conspiracy theories will naturally flourish, which means discouraging this type of thinking is not always easy. Dunning-Kruger Effect: Why Incompetent People Think They Are Superior

Making Illegal Money Clean - 691 Words

Money laundering, as the name suggests, is the act of making unreported or money or income appear as if the money has been earned through legal acquisition. It could take just one transaction or several processes, depending on the amount and the origin of the money. In its simplest forms, people with huge sums of money earned by illegal means can walk up to a bank and deposit their money. However, this method easily raises suspicion in most countries. For example, the United States have implemented laws that made it more difficult to utilize banks for money laundering. Under the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, banks are required to report any transaction that exceeds $10,000 to the government. Fishman (2006) also added that it â€Å"has been strengthened by subsequent legislation, making it a formidable tool for fighting money laundering and curbing the funding of terrorist activities† (p. 62). So a person can make a numerous bank deposits under $10,000 over a period of time, or a group of people can make different deposits to the same bank or different banks, also under $10,000 without raising any suspicion. There are nations throughout the world, particularly those with unstable government or economy, wherein they will take any amount of deposit, no questions asked. However, they also run the risk of their money being seized by the government and its corrupt officials. The common belief is that money that needs to be laundered are those which were profited fromShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 Pagesexception of a few states, is illegal and pharmaceutical corporations want to keep it that way. They influence the news and legislators by providing information on the effects of marijuana as well as give money to other corporations to keep prohibition of marijuana around. Even though marijuana could be used for medicinal purpose, self-cultivation of marijuana pose a risk financially to pharmaceutical companies and the govern ment. Pharmaceutical companies wouldn’t make as much money if people can grow theirRead MoreThe Mafias Money Laundering988 Words   |  4 PagesMoney Laundering The term money laundering is said to create from Mafia possession of Laundromats in the United States. Gangsters there were earning huge sums in cash from extortion, prostitution, gambling and bootleg liquor. They needed to demonstrate a legitimate source for these monies. ‘Money laundering is the process by which criminals try to conceal the true origion and ownership of the proceeds of their criminal activity, allowing them to maintain control over the proceeds and, in the endRead MoreMoney Laundering and Mexican Drug Cartels Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades. The Mexican drug cartels are a drug smuggling criminal organization. In other words they run a narcotic drug business. * In my research, I will be discussing about the money being laundered by the Mexican drug cartels from the U.S. to Mexico. The cartels need to launder their money in order to be able to take their drug money back to their country of Mexico. The Mexican drug cartels not only smuggle drugs to the U.S., but also distribute their narcotic drugs. They also finance terrorist organizationsRead MoreEssay about How to Fix the Skids1567 Words   |  7 Pagesaddicts also encourage illegal drug trafficking by helping fund criminal organizations. In fact, drug addicts are the reason why the billion dollar drug industry is as lucrative as it is. Without drug addicts, drug traffickers would have no customers or buyers to help generate income. Huge amounts of tax revenue is going towards the war on drugs which includes money going into police departments, border agencies, harm reduction programs, and anti-drug campaigns. The tax money being used to fightRead MoreEssay on Royal Carribean Toxic Waste Dumping1271 Words   |  6 PagesDistrict Courts in 1999 (1999). Bohlen reveals that for the charges that Royal Caribbean faced in 1999 totaled $18 million dollars for their crimes against the public (1999). Friedrichs (2009) classifi es this type of crime as a corporate crime, an â€Å"illegal and harmful act(s) committed by officers and employees of corporations to promote corporate (and personal) interests.† (p.7). According to Rosenzweig the Royal Caribbean’s first run in with the law was in 1994 when one of their ships turned inRead MoreMoney Laundering Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Money laundering†, is a term that is often used in association with illegal activities, especially in terms of terrorist actions. Many news reports in televisions and newspapers have used the term money laundering but still, the general public do not have enough knowledge of what money laundering is and the corresponding effects upon society. In line with this, there is also a need to further study the processes that are involved in money laundering in order to properly address the aforementionedRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And The United States1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe number of illegal immigrants in the US has risen from around 4 million to 11.6 million. Its insane that the United States is spending the extremely generous sum of 1.6 million dollars on border control out of its 3.8 tri llion dollar budget, and is seeing no return! Currently, about 3.5 million illegal immigrants are living in poverty and about 1.8 million of these immigrants are minors. However, we need not focus on these monstrous creatures troubles when they are harming us. Illegal immigrantsRead MoreEssay on war on drugs1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe increased use of drugs, there are bound to be more traffic accidents resulting from those who are under the influence of drugs. Also, if more people are lawfully able to use drugs, more people will buy them and the prices of them will go down making them much easier to buy. Drugs will be everywhere, even in the hands of America’s youth. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many drugs, even ones that are legal, cause health problems if they are used too often. Cigarettes and other tobacco products containRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1188 Words   |  5 Pages Women are pushed into entering prostitution for many reasons including lack of education, poverty, and personal choice. Prostitution is currently illegal, but there is much controversy surrounding this issue. Picture in your mind this scenario: Jane is a 26 year old single woman who makes her living working the streets as a prostitute. She is clean, and is tested regularly for diseases. Jane is standing on the street, dressed promiscuously. Within minutes she is picked up by John, a lonely singleRead MoreIs Sex Worker Myths?843 Words   |  4 Pagessafer with making these professions illegal, while the disadvantage for the worker would be losing clients. An advantage to sex workers after making these professions illegal would be an increase interest in some clients and regions, while a disadvantage on the public would be an increase of sexually transmitted diseases due to poor health education and care. Street Prostitution Street prostitution poses as a problem throughout many states in America. Street prostitution is illegal in all states

Essay Linguistic Communication Barriers - 1831 Words

Communication Barriers Hispanic immigrants living in American are regularly faced with communication problems. When one’s native culture varies from the norm they are often the one expected to eliminate the disparity. Language barriers present for the Hispanic population living in America and their physical therapists can cause significant problems, not only for communication in general but also for diagnosis and treatment. In order to overcome communication barriers in the field of physical therapy, providers need to become more linguistically and culturally competent. When asked what was a problem that regularly frustrated her while working, Karen Hobbs, PT of Erwin NC, immediately responded, â€Å"not being able to talk to my†¦show more content†¦Inability to clearly communicate with a patient is a problem that affects the basis of what type of care that patient will receive. Multiple studies enacted by the Commonwealth Fund all lead to the same basic fact; Hispanics are more likely that any other group in the United States to have difficulty obtaining access to, and receiving quality health care. Karen Davis, president of the Commonwealth Fund, a nonprofit medical research institution, commented that this problem is clearly â€Å"made worse by language barriers† (Uninsured). Medical research suggests that some Hispanics are discouraged from seeking any medical care because of failure to communicate. Mary Valenzuela, a Mexican native who is now fluent in English, spoke about before she knew the language; â€Å"When you don’t speak the same language, it’s very hard to explain how long you’ve been sick, where is the pain or what they’re doing to you.† She noted that even though she may have wanted to go to the doctor’s office or to see a physical therapist after an injury, she and others in her situation don’t want to put up with the hassle (Morris). The issue of lack of funding for bilingual health care is gaining steam in the nation. Various institutions and officials are urging congress to improve communications with those who don’t speak English. U. S. Surgeon General Richard Carmon said in a speech to congress and theShow MoreRelatedCharacteristic of Business Communication829 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication skills are of utmost importance in managing information and technology in any organization. List the characteristics of communication and discuss the seven barriers to effective communication. Communication in simple terms is a transfer of information between people, resulting in common understanding between them. According to Newman and Summer , â€Å" Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons† Communication has the following characteristics:- Read MoreEssay about The Relationship Between Language and Worldview1369 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive development and linguistic developments (Blum 35). After studying different languages, the researcher found a connection between linguistic and cognitive values, with the former being regarded as important in promoting the latter. This means that there is need for linguistic development, and especially in the first stages of development for the cognitive behaviors to be observed. From this hypothesis, it is clear that a worldview is influenced by linguistic traits that are developed asRead MoreQ.1 Describe Any Situation in Your Experience Where the Communication Went Wrong. Analyze the Situation by Pointing Out the Type of Barrier to Communication and Suggest How to Overcome This Barrier.[10 Marks].1070 Words   |  5 Pagesand my communication was not that good. Apart from that the room was over crowded and so many disturbances and noise was there. Later I realize there are some barriers because of which I did not performed up to the mark. After analyzing my experience there are some points I found which could be barrier for healthy communication and analysis of which are needed before coming up with ways to eliminate or minimize them. These barriers may be classified as follows – Barriers to Communication 1. EnvironmentalRead MoreFeatures of and Barriers to Communication1338 Words   |  5 Pagesare able to identify the sounds in cot as three unique sounds- each sound representative of an individual letter C, O, T, together they form the meaning of a small child’s bed. 2. Arbitrariness can be seen as a property in language where a word or linguistic form does not in any way match or relate to the object of which it refers to. In other words it is an object we are taught to perceive in a certain way opposed to something that has a literal meaning. For example traffic lights. The colour greenRead MoreThe Future Of Black English And Its Academic Impact On African American Children1291 Words   |  6 Pagesin communication in any society, culture and organization. This medium of social interaction is universal and has been passed down for centuries as a legacy. Therefore, it is imperative that the purity of the language is kept within each framework of heritage. Culture also plays a very important role in the evolution of language. It is the foundation of social engagement and personal commitment. Verbal and non-verbal communication can help define the way in which intercultural communication is conductedRead MoreDeaf : A Cultural Identity849 Words   |  4 PagesStein, 2001). According to Richardson (2004), approximately 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents. Unfortunately, without developing linguistic skills early on in life, the deaf are more likely use English as a second language. â€Å"Deaf individuals tend to have low-status jobs, limited education, high employment and face cultural and linguistics Education Deaf Institution versus Mainstream School They consider Deaf culture associated with self-esteem and sense of agency, and facilitatesRead MoreCode-Switching Annotated Bibliography932 Words   |  4 Pageswith recognizing and differentiating the concepts of intrasentential and intersentential, but also code-switching and code-mixing. Pagano, A. (2010). Code†switching: a korean case study. Griffith working papers in pragmatics and intercultural communication , 3(1), 22-38. The author conducted a research to see how code-switching is happening between two Korean speakers. She pays attention to how Korean culture affects English conversation since Korean interaction and conversation are based onRead MoreAnalyse the Barriers and Challenges to Communication Within Own Job Role669 Words   |  3 PagesAnalyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job role Effective Communication is significant and a fundamental relationship-building skill in the workplace for any employee especially for managers to perform the basic functions of management, i.e., Planning, Organising, Leading and Controlling. If people dont communicate well they limit their ability to connect on any meaningful level which can create conflict. Depending on the position in workplace, others will have expectationsRead MoreCultural and Linguistic Differentiations1419 Words   |  6 PagesWe are living in a period were trade is becoming more global by the day. Taxes and economic barriers seem to be like symptoms - from a disease - that fade away, as time goes by. The ability of fast communication between people and places has boosted many companies to expand in other countries. Yet, cultural and linguistic differentiations are the most sustainable features companies need to take under consideration, in a strategic planning of setting up abroad. A firm needs to become prog ressivelyRead MoreCommunications Essay in a Health and Social Care Settings, Different Ways of Communicating.1567 Words   |  7 PagesCommunications Essay in a health and social care settings, different ways of communicating. This is essay is going to be based on the importance of communication within the broader context of health and social care, it will give you a definitive insight to different communication techniques, such as verbal and non-verbal communication. Within this essay I will also discuss how important effective communication can be and the barriers that can restrict the care practitioner from doing his/her job

Research principles and practice of Cloud Computing Free Essays

BACKGROUND OF STUDY Cloud computing has become a new trend of advancement in the world of information technology today in which information technology resources are delivered as a service via the internet (Yao et al, 2010). From this, it is assumed that it is the newest internet-based technology. The increasing growth of this new technology coupled with it imminent productivity and benefit has made most organisations turn to the cloud. We will write a custom essay sample on Research principles and practice of Cloud Computing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason being that most organisations can now deploy and manage their IT services via a virtual machine in the cloud, this reduces the enormous cost being spent on setting up, managing and maintaining previous local systems and infrastructure. Through adoption, the benefits gained from the use of cloud computing has geared most organisations now not tend not to only move their application services but also their databases. Hogan (2008) said in his published article on ‘Cloud Computing Databases’ that â€Å"Cloud database usage patterns are evolving, and business adoption of these technologies accelerates that evolution†. Also, there is now absolute control over data being migrated from internal IT infrastructure to external cloud. A framework that would enable organisation migration to cloud was proposed by Guo (2010). However, there are bottlenecks such as storage capacity, performance and ease of report generation when data is being moved from local infrastructure to the cloud. There is the issue of capacity when migrating data to the cloud (Stacy, 2009). How do we then know which of these emerging cloud-based database technologies would serve the desired needs and wants of various organisation plann ing to migrate their data to the cloud. It is in view of this, that this research would examine the present adoption state of cloud-based database technologies and their uses, analyse the issues involved in moving data (BSMS) from local infrastructure to different cloud-based DBMS, perform an experiment to differentiate performance prospects of the alternative cloud-based DBMS, present the findings and make recommendations on suitable cloud-based DBMS technology choice based on optimum performance level. RESEARCH QUESTION Considering this age of global technological advancement, the use of cloud-based DBMS has become a more viable option for business and research organisations. Instead of deploying and maintaining internal IT/database infrastructure which is quite expensive, organisations now outsource their IT services including database management to cloud computing service providers on contract basis. The full adoption of cloud computing services is imminent; and the awareness of both business and research organisations to which cloud-based DBMS offers optimum performance is what prompted the research question discussed below. What is the difference in performance of different cloud-based DBMS technologies? The scope of the research will be limited to testing the performance of three (3) widely adopted cloud-based DBMS technologies using BSMS data source as case study. Cloud-based DBMS technologies such as SimpleDB, Database.com and OracleCloud would be taken into consideration and performance analysis would be carried out on them. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this project research is to carry out performance investigation and through that means offer credible performance information on the selected cloud-based DBMS technologies. This would stand as a pedagogical material for both business and research organisation in the business of migrating to the newly emerged technology of cloud computing. The under listed objectives would serve as an aid to achieving this sole aim. To investigate what cloud-based DBMS is and its adoption: The will help to shed more lights on what cloud-based DBMS is and its present stage of adoption. To investigate how databases are being used in the cloud for business and research purposes: This is to enable all stakeholders especially business oriented organisations to be aware of how databases are being used in the cloud and probably there might be some specific functionality that will help enhance their business or research goals. To analyse the issues involved in moving data (BSMS) from local infrastructure to different cloud-based DBMS technologies: An analysis of issues involved in moving data from local system to the cloud would be carried out. Issues such as capacity, compatibility and so on would be accessed here. The BSMS data would be used as a case study in analysing this migration issues. To carry out an experiment to differentiate the performance of the different cloud-based DBMS technologies: A scientific experiment would be carried out to test the performance of two or three cloud-based DBMS technologies. The experiment would be based on testing certain performance criteria such as indexing, fast data query, report generation and so on. To present the findings and make recommendations on suitable cloud-based DBMS technology choice based on optimum performance level: The findings from the scientific experiment would be used to draw out possible conclusions and necessary recommendations that would enlighten all stakeholders opting for a move to cloud-based database technology on the best choice of such system based on their performance. LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHODS, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES This research would be delivered using a deductive approach which is also known as top down approach. This approach offers a deductive reasoning from a general point of view to a more specific one. Considering the fact that the research would be a performance comparison between different technologies, then it is suitable. Koen et al (2005) says â€Å"it applies a theoretical, actor decision framework to derive relations deductively using detailed field data†. It uses a water fall model design of deriving a premise from an observation. A hypothesis in form of a research question would be derived, an experimental design inform of an observation would be used to analyse the data and the specified conclusion would be drawn from the findings. Therefore, the proposed research will be conducted within a framework of cross-sectional research design and methodology. This research would be in form of a scientific experiment because a survey based analysis would be inadequate to test the performance of the different cloud-based DBMS technologies. The experiment would be carried out using the Scientific Method in order to obtain precise and accurate conclusions from the hypothesis and observation drawn. Considering the research question, an experiment which serves as a quantitative method of gathering data would be most appropriate to generate premises and findings that could be analysed to draw conclusions and recommendations to answering the research question. Although, it is a time consuming method but it is relevant to achieving the stated objectives of the proposed research. Three cloud-based DBMS technologies namely SimpleDB, Database.com and OracleCloud are would serve as the specimen in conducting this research experiment. A scientific method would be employed in order to derive a hypothesis to give a clear description about the performance of each cloud-based DBMS. There are other types of experiment methods such as the Pseudoscientific Method that can be used in carrying out an experiment. In this research, the chosen method will be a scientific method which is more appropriate because it is the most productive and suitable for analysing the samples specimen selected for the research. It is more reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary for the representation of a real world scenario than the Pseudoscientific Method. â€Å"The Scientific Method helps to organize thoughts and procedures so that scientists can be confident in the answers they find† (Science Made Simple, 2009). Alternatively, a quantitative approach in form of a self administered questionnaire could also be used to collect primary data. This research method is cheap, quick and very easy to administer compared to other methods. (Bryman, 2008) The quantitative questionnaire will collect information on the respondent demographic characteristics such as the age, gender, area of study, level of study, job responsibilities, and work experience. In addition, their opinion on cloud-based DBMS computing in terms of perception and adoption will be collected. However, this form of quantitative approach would not be sufficient in determining the performance of this existing technology as this is the sole aim of this research. This is due to that fact that, this emerging technology has not being fully implemented by most organisations. As recommendation for future work, self administered questionnaire could also be used to collect primary data on individuals and organisational opinion for adopting a clo ud-based DBMS technology. Relevant existing literature such as books, journals, articles, newspapers magazine and other acceptable and reliable sources will also be used to generate secondary data. These secondary data would serve as a basis of literature review and evaluation of cloud-based DBMS technology. RESEARCH PROCESS As stated earlier on, the research would be carried out using a scientific experimental method to gather required information. A dummy data source would be used to perform the experiment. The BSMS data would be used in studying and analysing the performance of these different cloud-based DBMS. The BSMS data would be moved into the different cloud-based systems. Series of performance test would be carried out on each of them as a standalone and a comparison analysis would follow using some criteria such as indexing, fast retrieval of data, report generation. Furthermore, the method of analysing the data collected from the experiment would be microanalysis as proposed by Strauss et al (1990).The process of microanalysis involves that the data collected will be coded into probable emergent themes which will be based on personal judgement and supported by relevant evidences. When a new data is been collected, the same method of microanalysis by coding is applied, these new codes will then be compared with the previous codes. This process is known as ‘constant comparison’ which is done when a new data is collected, it continues until no new insights can be obtained from the collected data. Consequently high level factors and inter-relationship will be abstracted, thus premises can be derived based on these factors. Conclusion The issue of ethics would be duly considered in the course of this research. Some necessary factors such as experimental condition, subjective interpretation of data and proper derivation of a unified conclusion would be taken into consideration. Other issues such as control experiment, data protection and copyright would be considered adequately. All the laws of confidentiality and data protection would be duly complied with during the process of this research. How to cite Research principles and practice of Cloud Computing, Essays

The Role of Civic Education Essays - Democracy, Civics,

The Role of Civic Education The Role of Civic Education I. Introduction Societies have long had an interest in the ways in which their young are prepared for citizenship and in how they learn to take part in civic life. Today that interest might better be described as a concern-in fact as a growing concern, particularly in democratic societies. There is evidence aplenty that no country, including our own United States, has achieved the level of understanding and acceptance of the rights and responsibilities among the totality of its citizens that is required for the maintenance and improvement of any constitutional democracy. In the past decade we have witnessed dramatic demands for freedom on the part of peoples from Asia to Africa and from Central and Eastern Europe to Latin America. And as we have seen one totalitarian or authoritarian regime after another toppled and fledgling democratic governments replace them, we may have become too optimistic about the future of democracy. We also may have become too complacent, too sure of democracy's robustness or of its long term viability. History, however, teaches us that few countries have sustained democratic governments for prolonged periods, a lesson which we as Americans are sometimes inclined to forget. Americans, of course, should take pride and confidence from the fact that they live in the world's oldest constitutional democracy and that the philosophical foundations underlying their political institutions serve as a model for aspiring peoples around the world. The "shot heard 'round the world" two centuries ago at the opening of the American Revolut ion continues to resound today, and it should remind Americans that free institutions are among humanity's highest achievements and worthy of their full energies and earnest devotion to preserve. Americans also should realize that civic education is essential to sustain our constitutional democracy. The habits of the mind, as well as "habits of the heart," the dispositions that inform the democratic ethos, are not inherited. As Alexis de Toqueville pointed out, each new generation is a new people that must acquire the knowledge, learn the skills, and develop the dispositions or traits of private and public character that undergird a constitutional democracy. Those dispositions must be fostered and nurtured by word and study and by the power of example. Democracy is not a "machine that would go of itself," but must be consciously reproduced, one generation after another. Civic education, therefore, is-or should be-a prime concern. There is no more important task than the development of an informed, effective, and responsible citizenry. Democracies are sustained by citizens who have the requisite knowledge, skills, and dispositions. Absent a reasoned commitment on the part of its citizens to the fundamental values and principles of democracy, a free and open society cannot succeed. It is imperative, therefore, that educators, policymakers, and members of civil society make the case and ask for the support of civic education from all segments of society and from the widest range of institutions and governments. It is relatively easy for a society to produce technically competent people. But the kind of society Americans want to live in and the kind of government they want to have requires effort and commitment on the part of its citizens. Americans want a society and a government in which human rights are respected in which the individual's dignity and worth are acknowledged in which the rule of law is observed in which people willingly fulfill their responsibilities, and in which the common good is the concern of all. Making that kind of society, that kind of government a reality is the most important challenge Americans face and the most important work they could undertake. II.What is civic education? Civic Education in a democracy is education in self government. Democratic self government means that citizens are actively involved in their own governance; they do not just passively accept the dictums of others or acquiesce to the demands of others. As Aristotle put it in his Politics (c 340 BC), "If liberty and equality, as is thought by some, are chiefly to be found in democracy, they will be attained when all persons alike share in the government to the utmost." In other words, the ideals of democracy are most completely realized when every member of the political community shares

Free Essays on Education Summary

Education in our society is concerned with very repetitive systems of learning. Such as the â€Å"three R’s† reading, writing, and arithmetic as well as many morals and values. The rise of education in the U.S. came about very slowly. Even after the Emancipation Proclimation came about black still could not attend schools. State laws prohibited schooling for blacks, hispanics, american indians, and chinese immigrants. Attendance was enforced at least till Eight grade for whites. In 1910 less than 10% of American 18 yr. olds graduated high school. It rose steadily but by the 1930’s it was less than half. After WWII college and high school attendance rose. The main cause was the GI bill, which gave 20 million american who participated in the past war to attend college, federal loans and the growth of community colleges also helped. The rate were not equal between races. Whites increased from 26% in 1940 to 93% in 1990. Blacks increased from 9 % in 1940 to 88% in 1998. In the US it is common that kids are sent to schools. But in other societies such as the pastoral, parents teach kids how to gathwer food and take care of land. Functionalist theories state education accomplishes certain functions. Among these functions are socializtion, occuipational training, and social training. Socialization is brought about through the paaing of cultural hertiage. The heritage include book smarts, and morals, ethics, poltics, religion, habits and norms. Occupational training is important in industrialzed areas like the U.S.. Jobs were passed on through out the family. Alot of jobs and occupations are still being passed on today, particularly among the upper class. Social control is also a function of education, but not as obvious. They are called latent functions. Increased immigrantion and urbanization brought about increased crime as well. In conflict with the fundementalist theory, which state... Free Essays on Education Summary Free Essays on Education Summary Education in our society is concerned with very repetitive systems of learning. Such as the â€Å"three R’s† reading, writing, and arithmetic as well as many morals and values. The rise of education in the U.S. came about very slowly. Even after the Emancipation Proclimation came about black still could not attend schools. State laws prohibited schooling for blacks, hispanics, american indians, and chinese immigrants. Attendance was enforced at least till Eight grade for whites. In 1910 less than 10% of American 18 yr. olds graduated high school. It rose steadily but by the 1930’s it was less than half. After WWII college and high school attendance rose. The main cause was the GI bill, which gave 20 million american who participated in the past war to attend college, federal loans and the growth of community colleges also helped. The rate were not equal between races. Whites increased from 26% in 1940 to 93% in 1990. Blacks increased from 9 % in 1940 to 88% in 1998. In the US it is common that kids are sent to schools. But in other societies such as the pastoral, parents teach kids how to gathwer food and take care of land. Functionalist theories state education accomplishes certain functions. Among these functions are socializtion, occuipational training, and social training. Socialization is brought about through the paaing of cultural hertiage. The heritage include book smarts, and morals, ethics, poltics, religion, habits and norms. Occupational training is important in industrialzed areas like the U.S.. Jobs were passed on through out the family. Alot of jobs and occupations are still being passed on today, particularly among the upper class. Social control is also a function of education, but not as obvious. They are called latent functions. Increased immigrantion and urbanization brought about increased crime as well. In conflict with the fundementalist theory, which state...

How Logical Fallacy Invalidates Any Argument

How Logical Fallacy Invalidates Any Argument Fallacies are defects that cause an argument to be invalid, unsound, or weak. Logical fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely by looking at the logical structure of an argument, rather than at any specific statements. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument. Formal Fallacies Formal fallacies are found only in deductive arguments with identifiable forms. One of the things which makes them appear reasonable is the fact that they look like and mimic valid logical arguments, but are in fact invalid. Here is an example: Premise: All humans are mammals.Premise: All cats are mammals.Conclusion: All humans are cats. Both premises in this argument are true, but the conclusion is false. The defect is a formal fallacy, and can be demonstrated by reducing the argument to its bare structure: All A are CAll B are CAll A are B It does not matter what A, B, and C stand for. We could replace them with wines, milk, and beverages. The argument would still be invalid for the exact same reason. It can be helpful to reduce an argument to its structure and ignore content in order to see if it is valid. Informal Fallacies Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument, rather than through its structure. Here is an example: Premise: Geological events produce rock.Premise: Rock is a type of music.Conclusion: Geological events produce music. The premises in this argument are true but clearly, the conclusion is false. Is the defect a formal fallacy or an informal fallacy? To see if this is actually a formal fallacy, we have to break it down to its basic structure: A BB CA C This structure is valid. Therefore, the defect cannot be a formal fallacy and must instead be an informal fallacy that is identifiable from the content. When we examine the content, we find that a key term (rock) is being used with two different definitions. Informal fallacies can work in several ways. Some distract the reader from what is really going on. Some, like in the above example, make use of ambiguity to cause confusion. Defective Arguments There are many ways to categorize fallacies. Aristotle was the first to try to systematically describe and categorize them, identifying 13 fallacies divided into two groups. Since then,  many more have been described and the categorization has become more complicated. The categorization used here should prove useful, but it is not the only valid way of organizing fallacies. Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy Arguments with this defect have a structure that is grammatically close to arguments which are valid and make no fallacies. Because of this close similarity, a reader can be distracted into thinking that a bad argument is actually valid. Fallacies of Ambiguity With these fallacies, some sort of ambiguity is introduced either in the premises or in the conclusion itself. This way, an apparently false idea can be made to appear true so long as the reader does not notice the problematic definitions. Examples: Equivocation FallacyNo True Scotsman FallacyQuoting out of ContextFallacies of Relevance These fallacies all make use of premises which are logically irrelevant to the final conclusion. Examples: Ad HominemAppeals to AuthorityAppeals to Emotion and DesireFallacies of Presumption Logical fallacies of presumption arise because the premises already assume what they are supposed to prove. This is invalid because there is no point in trying to prove something you already assume to be true. No one who needs to have something proven to them will accept a premise which already assumes the truth of that idea. Examples: Begging the QuestionComplex QuestionFalse DilemmaFallacies of Weak Induction With this type of fallacy, there may be an apparent logical connection between the premises and the conclusion. However, if that connection is real, then it is too weak to support the conclusion. Examples: Ad Hoc RationalizationOversimplification Exaggeration Sources Barker, Stephen F. Elements of Logic. Hardcover - 1675, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Curti, Gary N. Weblog. Fallacy Files, March 31, 2019.   Edwards, Paul (Editor). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Hardcover, 1st edition, Macmillan/Collier, 1972. Engel, S. Morris. With Good Reason: An Introduction to Informal Fallacies. Sixth Edition, Bedford/St. Martins, March 21, 2014. Hurley, Patrick J. A Concise Introduction to Logic. 12 Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2014. Salmon, Merrilee H. Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. 6th Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2012. Vos Savant, Marilyn. The Power of Logical Thinking: Easy Lessons in the Art of Reasoning...and Hard Facts About Its Absence in Our Lives. Hardcover, 1st edition, St Martins Press, March 1, 1996.

Climate change proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Climate change proposal - Assignment Example Geological Survey (USGS), 2008). This information on sea-level rise (SLR) was likewise corroborated by authors Gillette and Hamilton (2011) whose article disclosed that â€Å"SLR is a major concern for populations living in low-lying coastal regions (about 25% of humans), because it will give rise to inundation (both temporary and permanent flooding), wetland loss, shoreline erosion, and saltwater intrusion into surface freshwater bodies and aquifers, and it will raise water tables† (p. 25). These authors likewise indicated that the number of people to be affected by a uniform one-meter rise in sea level is approximately 145,000,000, where more than 105 million would come from Asia; followed by Europe (approximately 20 million); Latin America, 18 million; Africa, 15 million; North America, 12 million; and Australia, about 5 million (Gillette & Hamilton, 2011). The sea-level rise assessment, shown in Figure 1 below, shows the impact of SLR in identified local areas. In this regard, given the significance of the issue, those people identified to be accurately affected by the SLR should be slowly relocated and resettled to higher areas and locations through integrated efforts of the government agencies. These efforts were deemed â€Å"extremely costly process that could have a negative effect on the economies of many countries† (Gillette & Hamilton, 2011, p. 30); but lives are universally acknowledged as of prime importance and therefore, strategic measures must be instituted at the earliest possible time. Source: USGS map locator— http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/usgs/ maplocator/%28ctype=areaDetails&xcm=r3standardpitrex_prd&carea=%24ROOT&layout=6_1_61_75&uiarea=2%29/.do; cited in Gillette & Hamilton, 2011, p. 30 Gillette, B., & Hamilton, C. (2011, March). Flooded! An Investigation of Sea-Level Rise in a Changing Climate. Retrieved May 26, 2012, from www.cresis.ku.edu:

Open Border Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Open Border - Essay Example The easiest answer to why the border wall is a poor idea is this: It lacks a showing of good will on the part of the United States. The border wall is a separatist action that screams, "We have more than you. We know it, and want to make sure you don't have any of it". That not the message that many students on the campus of the University of Texas at Brownville and Texas Southmost College (UTB-TSC) think should be sent. In April 2007, students at UTB-TSC built their own wall. It's a "fence in support of unfenced borders," (Sieff, 2008) Kevin Sieff writes. Sieff quotes student Abraham Ruiz as saying, "So much is going to be separated or destroyed." That is true, and Sieff isn't the only one who believes it. K. Mangan writes, "A fence would send the wrong message" (Mangan, 2007). He adds that the United States government ought to "pursue an alternative to a border fence" (Mangan, 2007). While that statement, too, is correct, promoting good will is only one smart part of why the wall s hould never come to be. Another salient point is the fact that permission to build the wall has "enhanced Department of Homeland Security powers to suspend more than 30 laws" (Mclemore, 2008). Congress understands that this is happening, but using the excuse that the good of the wall will certainly outweigh the bad. The problem with this is that we are talking about 30 laws, not one or two. Obviously, those 30 laws are in place for a reason. Building a fence, that we have no idea will even accomplish the goals the government claims it will, is not a good enough reason to ignore 30 laws. How does the government, even local or state, expect citizens to follow all the rules of society when it, at will, ignores 30 of them This is an example of a democracy that is not democratic. If the American government really felt this wall was in the best interest of the people, why not put it on the next ballot The reason is this: We are not being asked if we think this is a good idea. We are being told that it is. Congre ss has taken the power away from the people. This precedent cannot possible bode well for law abiding, tax paying citizens. What of historical preservations The United States is supposed to be a country that delights in its history. We deem certain building historical landmarks so that we can enjoy them with our children. Then, our children can enjoy them with theirs. Why should that stop to erect a wall or fence UTB-TSC professor Tony Knopp states, "There are strong historic forts along the border that would be affected by the fence. To put up a wall would just destroy the historical ambience" (Sieff, 2008). Historical preservation is important everywhere, even places that border Mexico. It is ludicrous to think that ruining historical landmarks is a good idea - ever. Just as important as preserving history, is the preservation of efforts to leave the environment clean and healthy for people, as well as animals. Congress is actually considering waiving the Safe Drinking Water and Clean Air acts. For the acts to need waiving, means that the building of the wall is a threat the clean drinking water, and air pollution. There is no reason for any entity to threaten drinking water and

Understanding The Chemistry Of Nickel

Understanding The Chemistry Of Nickel Nickel is silvery white [1] and lustrous metal. It is the 7th most abundant transition metal and 24th most abundant element in the crust of earth. It has an atomic number of 28, atomic mass of 58.71 gmol-1 and atomic volume of 6.59 cm3mol-1 [2]. It belongs to group 10 (8B) and 4th period of modern periodic table. Nickel has electronic configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d8 [3]. It has property of malleability and ductility. 300 kilometers long wire can be drawn from a single kilogram of nickel. It has high electrical and thermal conductivities of 0.146 x 106 Scm-1 and 90.9 Wm-1K-1. It is hard, odorless and corrosion resistant metal that takes a high polish. Nickel crystallizes with face centered cubic structure. The unit cell has lattice parameter of 0.352 nm with atomic radius of 0.124 nm. Nickel is naturally occuring ferro magnetic and magnetostrictive material [4] at or near room temperature. Its curie temperature is 355  °C [5]. Nickel is mined from two types of ore deposits. These include laterites and sulphides. Laterites are silicate or oxide ores. It occurs most usually in combination with sulfur and iron in pentlandite (NiS.2FeS) which contains 1.5% nickel, with sulfur in millerite (NiS), with arsenic in mineral nickeline (NiAs) as a red nickel ore, containing 43.9% nickel and 56.1% arsenic, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel glance [6]. 1.2 Chemical Properties of Nickel Nickel is relatively unreactive element. Under ambient conditions, it does not react with water, oxygen or dissolve in most acids. 1.2.1 Standard Reduction Potentials In aqueous solution, the standard reduction potentials for various oxidation states of nickel are shown in Scheme 1.1 [7, 8]. Scheme 1.1 Standard Electrode Potentials of Various Nickel Species 1.2.2 Reaction of Nickel with Halogens Nickel dichloride, NiCl2, nickel dibromide, NiBr2, and nickel diiodide, NiI2, are formed by the reactions of nickel with chlorine, Cl2, bromine, Br2, and iodine, I2. Ni(s) + Cl2(g) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ NiCl2(s) (yellow) Ni(s) + Br2(g) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ NiBr2(s) (yellow) Ni(s) + I2(g) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ NiI2(s) (black) 1.2.3 Reaction of Nickel with Acids Nickel metal dissolves slowly in dilute sulphuric acid to form solution containing the aquated Ni(II) ion together with hydrogen gas, H2. Ni(s) + H2SO4(aq) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Ni2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + H2(g) Ni(s) + HCl(aq) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Ni2+(aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2(g) It does not dissolve in concentrated nitric acid, HNO3, because it is rendered passive by this reagent [9]. 1.2.4 Reaction of Nickel with Air Nickel in finely divided form reacts readily with air. At higher temperatures, it burns in oxygen to form nickel oxide. 2Ni(s) + O2(g) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2NiO(s) 1.3 Oxidation States The oxidation states of nickel include -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 or +4. The most prevalent oxidation state is +2, but compounds of Ni0, Ni+1, and Ni3+ are well known. Ni4+ has also been demonstrated [10]. 1.4 Nickel(II) Compounds Nickel is known primarily for its divalent compounds with all common anions, i.e. halides, hydroxide, sulfate, carbonate, carboxylates, sulfide and hydroxide. Green and blue are the characteristic colors of its compounds. Important nickel(II) compounds include: 1.4.1 Oxides Nickel oxide, NiO is a powdery green solid that becomes yellow on heating [11]. It can be prepared easily by heating nickel carbonate, nitrate or hydroxide. 1.4.2 Sulfides Nickel sulfides occur in different forms such as NiS, nickel sulphide, NiS2, nickel persulphide and Ni3S2, trinickel disulphide. 1.4.3 Halides NiCl2 is yellow but NiCl2.6H2O is of green colour. NiCl2 is prepared by NiCl2.6H2O + 6SOCl2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ NiCl2 + 6SO2 + 12HCl NiF2 is prepared by treatment of anhydrous nickel(II) chlHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel(II)_chlorideoride with fluorine at 350  °C [12]. NiClHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel(II)_chloride2 + FHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ NiF2 + ClHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine2 1.4.4 Nitrates Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O is highly soluble in water, giving emerald green solutions. 1.4.5 Carbonates Nickel(II) carbonate is a pale green polymeric solid consisting of Ni2+ cations and [COHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate3HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate]HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate2- anions. It is readily decomposed by aqueous acids to give solutions containing the ion [Ni(H2O)6]2+, liberating water and carbon dioxide. 1.4.6 Sulfates The anhydrous form has a yellow to green color while NiSO4.7H2O and NiSO4.6H2O appears green and blue to pale green, respectively. 1.4.7 Hydroxides Ni(OH)2 occurs as green crystals that can be precipitated when aqueous alkali is added to a solution of nickel (II) salt. Its decomposition on heating above 230  °C produces toxic gases. 1.5 Nickel (III), Nickel (IV) Nickel (VI) Compounds The +3 oxidation state is found in dinickel trioxide, Ni2O3. NiO4-2 is an example of +6 oxidation state while NiO2 and NiF6-2 correspond to +4 oxidation states. Nickel(IV) also occurs in BaNiO3 and in the periodate salts, MNiIO6 (M = alkali cation, NH4). 1.6 Water Soluble, Poorly Soluble Insoluble Nickel Compounds In contrast to water soluble nickel salts (chloride, nitrate, acetate and sulfate), metallic nickel, nickel sulfides, and nickel oxides are poorly soluble in water [13]. NiCO3 is partly water soluble. 1.7 Nickel(II) Complexes Nickel in its most common +2 oxidation state displays a wider range of geometries in its complexes than any other metal ion with coordination numbers 3 to 6. Nickel(II) forms many complexes with octahedral [14, 15], square planar [16, 17, 18] and tetrahedral [19, 20] geometries and a smaller number of five coordinate compounds [21, 22] with square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal arrangements. Nickel(II) octahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, square pyramidal and tetrahedral complexes are paramagnetic and have in the majority of cases a green or blue colour. The square planar nickel complexes are diamagnetic and mostly have a yellow, red or brown colour. The ligand exchange processes for nickel(II) tend to be associative, while with palladium(II) and platinum(II), dissociative pathways predominate which tends to adopt only square planar complexes. 1.7.1 Six Coordinate Octahedral Nickel(II) Complexes Nickel(II) forms octahedral complexes with neutral ligands such as H2O and NH3. Amines displace some or all of water molecules in the octahedral [Ni(H2O)6]2+ ion to form complexes such as trans [Ni(H2O)2(NH3)4]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+ and [Ni(en)3]2+. These complexes are characteristically purple or blue in contrast to the bright green hexaaquanickel(II) ion, [Ni(H2O)6]2+ [23]. These octahedral complexes have two unpaired electrons and are paramagnetic with magnetic moments 2.9 to 3.4 BM. Other examples include dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)nickel(II), a blue solid, soluble in water and polar organic solvents [24] and Ni(acac)2.2H2O [25]. 2+ 2+ [Ni(H2O)6]2+ [Ni(NH3)6]2+ Ni(en)2Cl2 Ni(acac)2.2H2O 1.7.2 Five Coordinate Square Pyramidal Trigonal Bipyramidal Nickel(II) Complexes Several phosphine and arsine ligands form five coordinate trigonal bipyramidal complexes because tetradentate tripod ligands such as N[C2H4N(CH3)2]3 and N[C2H4PPh2]3 cannot span the apices of a regular tetrahedron. One face is left open for 5th ligand, e.g halide ion to form trigonal bipyramidal complex. Though hydride, thiolate, alkyl and other anionic ligands are also known; the complexes are therefore +1 cations. Tris(1,3-diaminopropane) chromium(III) pentacyanonickelate(II), [Cr(tn)3][Ni(CN)5] has square pyramidal [Ni(CN)5]3- anions. In contrast, crystalline tris(ethylenediamine) chromium(III) pentacyanonickelate(II) sesquihydrate, [Cr(en)3][Ni(CN)5].1.5H2O contains both square pyramidal anions and slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal anions [26]. The trigonal bipyramidal structure is favored on the basis of ligand repulsion alone. For this reason, almost every five coordinate compound having non metallic central element such as PF5 has trigonal bipyramidal structure unless there are lone pairs. 1.7.3 Four Coordinate Nickel(II) Complexes Nickel(II) in its four coordination mode exhibits either tetrahedral or square planar geometry. 1.7.3.1 Tetrahedral Nickel(II) Complexes Nickel(II) tetrahedral complexes of stoichiometric types; NiX42-, NiX3L-, NiL2X2 and Ni(L-L)2 are known where X represents halogen, L is neutral ligand such as phosphine, phosphine oxide or arsine, and L-L is bidentate ligand such as ethylenediamine. Tetrahedral arrangement for Ni2+ will be preferred if the ligands are large and weak field. Ni(PPh3)3Cl NiCl42- [Ni(acac)2] 1.7.3.2 Square Planar Nickel(II) Complexes For the vast majority of four coordinate nickel(II) complexes, planar geometry is preferred for small and strong field ligands. Tetracyanonickelate(II) will probably be orange red colored square planar complex. Almost all planar complexes of nickel(II) with d8 configuration are diamagnetic. Important examples of square planar complexes are red bis(dimethylglyoximato) nickel(II) [27] and dichloro[1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane]nickel, NiCl2(dppp). Ni(dmgH)2 NiCl2(dppp) [Ni(C2O4)2]2- [Ni(CN)4]2- 1.7.4 Three Coordinate Nickel(II) Complexes There are many examples of trigonal complexes for nickel(0), however, they are rare for Ni(II). The examples include dialkylamides [Ni(NR2)3]1- and Ni2(  µ-NR2)2(NR2)2 as well as blue mesityl complex [Ni(mes)3]1- which has approximately T shaped geometry [28, 29]. 1.8 Nickel(III) Complexes [Ni(tdt)2]- is nickel(III) square planar complex anion having coordination number four where tdt = 3,4-toluenedithiole. Other examples include [Ni(tacn)2]3+ with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane [30] and dark green air stable Ni(III) complex having donor NO2S2 chromophore [31]. Ni[(NO2S)2(C6H4)4] [Me(tdt)2]-, Me = Ni [Ni(tacn)2]3+ 1.9 Nickel(IV) Complexes A well established bis chelated complex of nickel(IV) is the diacetylpyridine dioximato complex [32]. Other examples include dicarbollide complex, Ni(closo-1,2-C2B9H11)2 [33] and the polyselenide anion [Ni4Se4(Se3)(Se4)]4- with a cubic Ni4Se4 core [34]. The hexadentate ligand 3,14-dimethyl-4,7,10,13-tetraazahexadeca-3,13-diene 2,15-dione dioxime forms pseudooctahedral NiN6 complex with nickel(IV) [35]. 1.10 Nickel(-I, 0, +I) Complexes The low valent oxides, K3[NiO2] and KNa2[NiO2] contain linear [O-Ni(I)-O]3- units [36]. The majority of nickel(I) complexes contain phosphine ligands and have tetrahedral or trigonal bipyramidal structure. They are paramagnetic as expected for d9 configurations. In Ni(CO)4, nickel is in zero oxidation state [37]. Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0), Ni(C8H12)2 is a diamagnetic featuring tetrahedral nickel(0) [38]. Ni(cod)2 Ni(CO)4 1.11 Biological Role Nickel is a part of urease. [NiFe]-hydrogenases selectively oxidise H2. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase enzymes consists of Fe-Ni-S cluster [39]. Other nickel containing enzymes include class of superoxide dismutase and glyoxalase [40]. Enzymatic reactions depend on redox activity of nickel atoms in enzymes active site. In fact, proposed mechanisms of NiFe hydrogenase [41], methyl-CoM reductase [42, 43] and NiSOD [44, 45] involves reduced (Nio, Ni+) and or oxidized (Ni3+) forms of nickel. Nickel along with iron plays vital role in transport of oxygen in blood. Nickel also acts as co-factor in absorption of iron from intestine. 1.12 Sources and Potential Exposure of Nickel Nickel is a ubiquitous natural trace element and it occurs in air, water and soil of the biosphere [46]. 1.12.1 Diet Food and drinking water [47, 48] are the major sources of nickel exposure [49]. Fats, chocolates [50], nuts, candies [51], tomatoes, bananas, onions, spinach, legumes, tea [52], white flour and all canned foods [53] are rich in nickel content. 1.12.2 Ambient Air Nickel oxide, nickel chloride, nickel carbonyl and nickel subsulphide are inhaled pollutants. Nickel levels in ambient air are in range 1 10 ng/m3 in urban areas, although much higher levels 110 180 ng/m3 have been recorded in heavily industrialized areas and larger cities [54]. 1.12.3 Tobacco Smoking It is major source of nickel in indoor air. A cigarette contains 1 3  µg of nickel. Nickel in a burning cigarette form nickel tetracarbonyl that is volatile and gaseous compound and badly affects respiratory tract [55]. 1.12.4 Occupational Exposure of Nickel Pulmonary absorption is major route of nickel exposure in industries [56]. The general population is also exposed to nickel in nickel alloys and nickel plated materials such as coins [57], jewellery [58], electric guitar strings [59], stainless steel cutlery, soaps and detergents. 1.13 Exposure Limits of Nickel The American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned threshold limit value time weighted average for exposure to nickel compounds is 1.5 mg/m3 for elemental nickel, 0.1 mg/m3 for soluble inorganic nickel compounds and nickel subsulfide, 0.2 mg/m3 for insoluble inorganic compounds and 0.05 ppm for nickel carbonyl [60]. 1.14 Toxicity of Nickel Nickel is known as haemato, immunoto, neuro, geno, reproductive, pulmonary toxic and carcinogenic agent. 1.14.1 Acute Toxicity (01 day) The accidental inhalation of nickel carbonyl causes acute toxic effects in two stages, immediate and delayed. The immediate symptoms include headache, vertigo, irritability, which usually last a few hours, followed by an asymptomatic interval of 12 h to 5 days. The delayed symptoms are: 1.14.1.1 Nickel Itch Soluble nickel compounds on skin contact may result in nickel itch [61], most frequently when skin is moist. 1.14.1.2 Gastrointestinal Distress Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea were reported in workers who drank water, contaminated with nickel sulfate and nickel chloride. 1.14.1.3 Neurological Effects Giddiness and weariness were reported in individuals accidentally exposed to nickel sulphate and nickel chloride (1.63 g Ni/liter) with boric acid in drinking water [62]. 1.14.1.4 Pulmonary Fibrosis In humans and animals, nickel carbonyl causes pulmonary fibrosis. Nickel fumes are respiratory irritants and may also cause pneumonitis. 1.14.1.5 Kidney Damage Kidney damage and frank haematuria were observed [63]. 1.14.2 Subchronic Toxicity (10 100 day) A 6 weeks exposure of nickel fumes (0.07 1.1 mg nickel/m3) in humans caused an increase in air way and eye irritations, headaches and tiredness [64]. 1.14.3 Chronic Toxicity (> 100 days) 1.14.3.1 Dermatitis In sensitized individuals, it is most common effect due to nickel use in jewellery intended for pierced body parts and is often marked by itchy and red skin followed by skin ulceration [65]. 1.14.3.2 Respiratory Disorders Inhalation of nickel dusts and aerosols contributes to respiratory disorders such as asthma [66], pneumoconiosis and can also interfere with kreb ´s cycle. 1.14.3.3 Heart Failure Exposure of nickel tetracarbonyl to levels 50,000 100,000 times greater than levels normally encountered in food or drinking water can cause heart failure and variable degrees of cardiovascular system poisoning [67]. 1.14.3.4 Tumors Nickel powder can induce both epithelial and connective tissue tumors e.g. pelvic, renal cortical and liver tumors when given by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection [68]. 1.14.3.5 Kidney Poisoning Nickel in blood is mostly protein bound and accumulates primarily in kidneys resulting in kidney poisoning [69]. 1.14.3.6 Birth Defects Low birth weight infants with sensory abnormalities, such as hearing or sight loss and cardiac malformations are born with nickel exposed mothers [70, 71]. 1.14.3.7 Oxidative Stress Nickel(II) induces oxidative stress in humans [72, 73] by producing either reactive oxygen species, ROS or reactive nitrogen species, RNS. NiCl2 induces lipid peroxidation while ROS generated damage DNA. Nickel binds to DNA repair enzymes and generates oxygen free radicals causing protein degradation [74]. 1.14.3.8 Genotoxicity Ni(CO)4 inhibts DNA dependent RNA synthesis activity by binding to chromatin or DNA and thereby preventing action of RNA polymerase, causing suppresion of messenger RNA dependent induction of enzyme synthesis [75]. 1.14.3.9 Carcinogenicity Nickel subsulphide, nickel oxide, nickel sulphate as well as nickel sulfide fume and dust is believed to be carcinogenic [76, 77]. Independent international scientific bodies have classified mixed sulphidic and oxidic nickel compounds [78] as carcinogens to humans, inclusive of water soluble nickel compounds. There are higher chances of development of lung cancer, nasal cancer, and Prostate cancer in nickel exposed workers [79]. 1.15 Uses of Nickel 1.15.1 Nickel Alloys Nickel in alloyed form has made significant contributions to our present day society. German silver containing 10 30 % nickel is used for ornamental and domestic objects. Monel contains 68% nickel ands is used in apparatus for handling corrosive materials. Invar is important due to very small coefficient of expansion [80]. Nickel is principle alloying element in stainless steel that enhances its heat, corrosion, and stress rupture resistance [81]. Majority of stainless steels contain 8 10 % nickel. Its limitless uses include home and industrial products. 1.15.2 Nickel Electroplating Nickel electroplating is used for both protective and decorative finishes. Nickel chloride, NiCl2, nickel acetate Ni(OCOCH3)2, nickel nitrate, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and nickel sulphate, NiSO4.7H2O are employed chiefly in nickel electroplating baths [82] while nickel oxide is used as electrolyte. Nickel electroplating changes the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the workpiece [83]. 1.15.3 Catalytic Hydrogenation Raney nickel is used in a large number of industrial processes because of its stability and high catalytic activity at room temperature. It catalyses hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Soybean oil has been hydrogenated electrocatalytically on raney nickel with 90 100 % efficiencies [84]. Benzene is commonly reduced to cyclohexane using raney nickel for production of nylon. Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane Using Raney Nickel Raney nickel is used in reduction of compounds that have multiple bonds. Reduction of Thiophene by Raney Nickel De-Sulfurization of Thioacetals using Raney Nickel 1.15.4 Industrial Applications of Nickel 1.15.4.1 Heavy Industries Nickel based super alloys have high temperature applications in jet engines, gas turbines and rocket engines [85]. Monel can resist corrosion by sea water and is ideal for propeller shaft in boats and desalination plants. 1.15.4.2 Food Chemical processing Industries Monel and stainless steel are used in chemical and food processing industries due to better corrosion resistance at high temperature steam [86]. 1.15.4.3 Ceramics, Paints, Dyes Cosmetic Industries Nickel(II) phthalocyanine, C32H16N8Ni is used as bluish green pigment in the coloring industries [87]. The nickel titanium yellow pigments find great use in polymer and paint applications [88]. Nickel dimethylglyoxime (C8 H14 N4 NiO4) is routinely used as coloring agent in paints, cosmetics and certain kinds of plastics. NiO is used in making glass having ability to absorb visible light but transmits ultraviolet light [89]. In cosmetic products of many brands, the highest level of nickel in eye shadows is about 49 ppm [90]. 1.15.4.4 Textile Rubber Industry Nickel acetate is used as mordant in textile industry. Di-n-butyldithiocarbamate nickel(II) complex, Ni[CS2N(C4H4)2]2 is used as an antioxidant in tires. 1.15.5 Batteries Nickel batteries are dominant in the field of rechargeable electrochemical power sources due to their long cycle life, high power and a reliable performance. Ni(OH)2 is used as positive electrode to significantly boost energy densities in nickel alkaline batteries [91]. Nickel cadmium cells provide 1.2 V and are used in aeroplanes and emergency lighting systems. In industries, these batteries provide high voltage of 250 V with capacities about 5 Ah 100 Ah [92]. Nickel hydrogen (NiH2) battery cells with nickel oxide positive electrode are developed due to high power density and good thermal performance which make them attractive for use in electric vehicles, satellite and space power systems [93]. 1.16 Chemistry of Ligands 1.16.1 Thiourea (Tu) Thiourea, SHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarbonC(NHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydrogenH2)2 is lustrous white crystalline compound. It is useful sulfur donor thioamide and planar molecule, soluble in water and polar organic solvents but insoluble in non polar solvents. It has two tautomeric forms but in aqueous solution, thione form predominates. 1.16.2 N,N-Dimethylthiourea (Dmtu) N,N-Dimethylthiourea, C3H8N2S has appearance of colorless to white crystals. It shows coordination through sulfur. Fig. 1.10 Structure of N,N-Dimethylthiourea 1.16.3 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-2-thiourea (Tmtu) This substituted thiourea is white crystalline solid. It is sulfur donor ligand. 1.16.4 1,3-Diazinane-2-thione (Diaz) This six membered heterocyclic thione is sulfur donor ligand. 1.16.5 Imidazolidine-2-thione (Imt) It is a sulfur donor five membered heterocyclic thione [94] and has brown crystals. The peculiarity of Imidazolidine-2-thione is presence of a thiouredine fragment. It is planar with non-uniform distribution of à Ã¢â€š ¬ electron density and shows presence of maximum negative charge on exocyclic sulfur. Dipolar form B predominates in resonance hybrid. 1.17 Objective The primary objective of this study is to understand basic chemistry of nickel(II) and its complexes and gain an insight into metal ligand interactions in biological systems with following main objectives. To explore coordination chemistry of nickel(II) with various sulfur donor ligands and develop useful model for biologically active nickel complexes by determining structures of synthesized nickel complexes. Synthesis of nickel(II) complexes with thioamide and thione ligands. Crystallization of as many complexes as possible and determination of their structures by X-ray crystallography. Characterization of complexes by IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. A comparative study of complexes based on spectroscopic and structural data.

Classroom Management and Diversity Essay

Classroom management and diversity are two very important concepts to consider because classroom management in diverse environments can be a lot different than in less diverse environments. There is so much diversity going on now that everyone should be aware of the importance of classroom management inside the diverse environments. When I talk about diversity in this paper I am referring to ethnic and cultural diversity. There are many different strategies that can help students in more diverse classrooms feel more comfortable and be in a better learning environment. In my paper, I will be touching on five major strategies that help classroom management in more diverse classrooms. These strategies are building trust, engaging personal culture, confronting social dominance and social justice, transforming instructional practices, and engaging the entire school community. I will be talking about all of the advantages to these strategies. Another thing I will be touching on is the importance of classroom management in these diverse classrooms. I will also look at the differences between classroom management in less diverse environments and classroom management in more diverse environments. I will talk about my experiences observing classrooms and the differences between the classroom management strategies each teacher uses. Classroom management is a very critical part of teaching and having good classroom management in a more diverse classroom is a challenging task, but also a very important one. In more diverse environments especially, it is sometimes harder for teachers to have good classroom management. Mainly because the students in more diverse settings tend to act out more or disobey the rules. If students feel like they are in an open and trusting community at school they are more likely to succeed and listen to the teacher’s directions. Building trust, engaging personal culture, confronting social dominance and social justice, transforming instructional practices, and engaging the entire school community is five very important strategies that make classroom management easier. Building trust is one of the most important strategies that help classroom management in more diverse environments. Building trust entails being honest with students and having discussions about race and ethnicity with the entire class. Talking about students different cultures instead of just simply acting like they are not there. One teacher from the Apple Valley School District says, â€Å"I need to move beyond being color-blind. † The main idea of this strategy is to establish positive leaning communities in each classroom. If the students feel like their cultures and ethnicity are accepted they will feel more comfortable. Trust is such an important thing to have in a classroom in order to be able to have good classroom management. If the students feel like they can trust the teacher they will be more open and the teacher will have better control over his or her management (Howard, 2007). The second strategy is engaging in personal culture. This strategy is very important because it can be the difference between high school students dropping out of school or continuing on. The main reasoning of engaging in personal culture is to form authentic and effective relationships across differences. These relationships are very important to students who are going through school. If students feel that their teachers do not care about them they are more likely to drop out of school. Forming relationships with your students is important in order to maintain good classroom management. If the students feel like you enjoy getting to know them and that you respect them then they are more likely to listen and follow directions. If students feel like you do not respect them and could care less about them they are more likely to disobey and possibly even drop out of school all together (Howard, 2007). Confronting social dominance and social justice is the third strategy to better classroom management. This strategy is about making teachers aware of their surroundings and the issues that surround race and class. It forces teachers to think about race and class in a different way and causes them to better understand their students and what their students are going through. During this strategy teachers will come together and have discussions about race, class, gender, immigration, and other forms of diversity. They will open up and get a better consciousness about social dominance and diversity. This will help teachers teach their students better and make them more aware of what is going on around them (Howard, 2007). The fourth strategy is  transforming instructional practices. This strategy is crucial to having good classroom management. The main focus of this strategy is for teachers to shift their teachings to meet the diverse learning needs of students. Also, to use curriculum that honors each student’s culture. For example, if a teacher was working in a school district that was mainly a Spanish speaking area if the teacher had to send something home to the parents they could send one paper home in English and on the back have the same paper written in Spanish. This would make it a lot easier on parents and students of mainly Spanish speaking families. This would also help classroom management because it is very important that your student’s parents understand you (Howard, 2007). The fifth and last strategy is engaging the entire school community. This strategy talks about how if you want to have good classroom management in diverse environments you not only have to involve the students, but also their parents. If the students are not getting any support from their parents it is hard for them to succeed. Teachers can help parents get more involved by sending home news letters and letting them know about any activates going on around the school. Even though this might not always get the students parents involved it still good to try. It is a lot easier to have classroom management when the students feel supported by not only the teacher, but also by their parents (Howard 21). Also students in schools with a strong sense of community are more likely to be academically motivated (Schaps, 2003). I recently observed two different classrooms, one in a diverse environment and one in a less diverse environment. The classroom I observed that was diverse is in the Northeast school district in Reading and the less diverse classroom is in the Pleasant Valley school district in Brodheadsville. The way the teachers in each of these schools manage their classrooms is completely different because of the diversity differences. The biggest difference I came across while observing these two classrooms was how serious each of the teachers has to be. From observing I realized how much harder it is to have good classroom management in more diverse classrooms. For example, in the more diverse classroom the teacher had to be very serious and the teacher in the less diverse classroom joked around a lot. The teacher in the more diverse classroom had to be serious because the students were constantly acting up. The teacher did not have time to joke around because at every moment she had to keep her students on track of what they were supposed to be doing. They constantly needed guidance. When I was observing the less diverse classroom I saw that the teacher joked around a lot. He made funny references and was all around less serious and strict. This was because his students were better behaved. They did act up at certain times, but they were always quick to get back on topic. Another thing that I realized was that the teacher in the diverse environment used all of the strategies that help classroom management and the teacher in the less diverse environment only used two of the strategies. There were a few kids in the less diverse environment that were diverse but the teacher did not recognize them. He did not confront social dominance and justice, transform practices, or engage school community. He just acted as if everyone was the same ethnicity and ignored all differences. Which, is not always the best way to act. When a teacher acts this way even though they are teaching all of the students the same. Sometimes the students that are ethnically different can fall behind or feel as if they are not cared about. Where as the teacher in the diverse environment took advantage of her student’s differences and did all of the strategies, which helped her classroom management become better. By enforcing the strategies the classroom management becomes better because the students respect the teachers more and also usually listen better. The students and teacher benefit from using the five strategies. Keeping control of diverse classrooms is much more challenging than keeping control of less diverse classrooms. There is a big difference between diverse and less diverse classrooms, that is why classroom management is so important. If the teacher in the diverse environment did not use the five strategies I think it would have been very hard for her to have good classroom management in her classroom. The teacher in the less diverse environment however was able to get away with not using the five strategies because his classroom was less diverse so the students were not as hard to handle. Achieving classroom management in diverse classrooms is a very important and challenging task. Classroom management continues to be a serious concern for teachers and especially in urban and diverse learning environments (Milner 2010). Classroom management is so important in order to have a successful running class. It is easier to obtain classroom management in less diverse classrooms but there are five major strategies that help teachers achieve classroom management in diverse classrooms. I mentioned these strategies earlier, they are again building trust, engaging in personal culture, confronting social dominance and social justice, transforming instructional practices, and engaging the entire school community. Without these five strategies it would be almost impossible to gain good classroom management in diverse environments. If a teacher did not use the five strategies it is possible that his or her classroom would not have very good classroom management, depending upon if the classroom was in a diverse environment or not. Like I mentioned earlier in my paper, classrooms in less diverse environments can often get away with not using the five strategies. This is because the students are easier to manage. It is crucial however, for the teachers in the diverse environments to use the strategies. If in the future teachers decided not to use the strategies and instead decided to just ignore the differences between diverse and non-diverse environments it would cause major problems with classroom management. If a classroom had bad classroom management the students would suffer terribly. Some students would not care about their work, some would not listen, and some would just simply drop out. If teachers did not have control over their classrooms the students would not have anyone to listen to or pay attention to. That is why classroom management is so important. There is a way however, to help classrooms in diverse environments have good classroom management and it is to use the five strategies. If teachers in diverse settings continue to use the strategies it will help not only the teachers, by making good classroom management easier to achieve, but it will also help the students because they will learn more if they are listening and paying attention to the teacher. H. Richard Milner IV, B. T. (2010). Classroom management in diverse classrooms. Retrieved from http://uex. sagepub. com. ezaccess. libraries. psu. edu/content/45/5/560. full. pdf html Herbert Elizabeth, A. (1998). Design matters: How school environment affects children. Realizing a Positive School Climate, 56(1), 69-70. Howard Gary, R. (2007). As diversity grows, so must we. Responding to Changing Demographics, 64(6), 16-22. Schaps Eric. (2003). Creating a school community. Creating Caring Schools, 60(6), 31-33.